Short summary:

Quantum teleportation is a protocol to send quantum information from place A to place B. The protocol requires:

1. Entangled pairs shared between the two parties.

2. A classical channel for communicating between the two parties.

In the process, the quantum information is destroyed at place A and recreated at place B. The essence is to remember that there is no physical transfer of quantum particles, it is "teleportation" of this information. And this can be accomplished for arbitrarily large distances (even between 2 places that are galaxies apart!), as long as there are shared entangled states between the parties and the classical information is received by the receiver. 

Procedures: Share entangled pairs between the parties->Prepare quantum state to be teleported at the sender's side->Perform "Bell measurements" at the sender's side->Broadcast classical information->Perform relevant operations at receiver's end based on the classical information->the quantum state is recreated!

Application areas:

Quantum networks, quantum communications, distributed quantum computing 

Resources:

1. The first theoretical proposal for the protocol: C. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres and W. Wootters, "Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels", Physical Review Letters, vol. 70, no. 13, pp. 1895-1899, 1993. Available: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.1895

2. The first practical demonstration for the protocol:  D. Bouwmeester, J. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter and A. Zeilinger, "Experimental quantum teleportation", Nature, vol. 390, no. 6660, pp. 575-579, 1997. Available: 10.1038/37539 

3. Additional resource:  G. Milburn, "on “The Physics of Quantum Information: Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computation" (edited by D Bouwmeester, A Ekert & A Zeilinger)", Quantum Information and Computation, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 89-90, 2001. Available: 10.26421/qic1.3-9 

 4. Additional resource:  Michael A. Nielsen and Isaac L. Chuang. 2011. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition (10th. ed.). Cambridge University Press, USA